Post Modern Society Essay Example for Free

Post Modern Society Essay Social change is the focal concentration in the majority of the establishing scholars of sociologys work. This social change depends on the conceptualization of history as a development. As indicated by these sociologists, an advanced society emerges because of the inescapable outcome of the development of information and seeing particularly in the field of science and objectivity. Be that as it may, there are no unmistakable signs on when a general public can be seen as having moved starting with one phase of advancement then onto the next. An attribute of the current society which is amazing doesn't lie in its degree of industrialization however on its degree of reconciliation across different societies. (Holmes, Hughes Julian 34) Social reconciliation is a wonder that has gotten a lot of prominence in the most recent decade. The whole human race has accomplished a degree of social attachment that has not been acknowledged previously. The conventional social limits are gradually dissolving and another general culture is developing. The distinctions in religion, shading, philosophy, custom and recognition are gradually blending. The general public is embracing a general culture which is portrayed by a consistency in standards, qualities and convictions. In all the six mainlands, there is a developing pattern in data innovation which propagates social dissemination. Today, people of different social foundation can without much of a stretch interface through such mediums like the web. Productivity in the vehicle framework has brought about more individuals coming into contact with one another. Nonetheless, it has been hard to characterize this present pattern inferable from its multifaceted nature. Such terms like present day, postmodern, worldwide and cosmopolitan have been utilized much of the time to depict this present pattern. Despite the fact that every one of these terms might be utilized to depict a portion of its qualities, as a rule, their utilization is typically exchanged. We may not be a long way from reality should we embrace to allude to the present human populace as having a place with a similar society and social direction. In its genuine definition, society can be named as a cooperating gathering of individuals with a presence of mind of personality and culture, living inside a specific geological locale. Giddens 2)With this respect, I will consider the planet earth a land district. Humanist have drawn together various components that portray an advanced society. These components are prevailing in the contemporary world and they incorporate the ascent of science, the decrease of religion, industrialization, mass correspondence, administration, division of work, urbanization and an expanding understanding of the different parts of the human life. Be that as it may, these qualities neglect to catch the total picture this time. Administration was a seventeenth Century creation. Industrialization despite the fact that a quality of this general public doesn't generally recognize it from the eighteenth Century ages and along these lines can't be a particular factor in grouping this general public. We likewise can't state that we are encountering the ascent of science. We are very the middle of science. At the end of the day, this general public can't be depicted by these components that sociologists expressed. Therefore, we are inhabiting a period of progress principally described by a difference in observation towards life. This difference in recognition is a general component which has gone through each general public deliberately or unwittingly. The human culture is inhabiting the period of post innovation. (Corridor and McGrew 13) In the current society, there is a general conviction that no single all around endless supply of conviction and association exists. Despite the fact that there is amazing advancement in science, there is a general position that it has neglected to give clarification and control to different parts of the general public. Another attribute of this time which is a component of post innovation is the fracture of scholarly trains. There is no single worldview which clarifies the human condition in the general public. Post innovation itself implies various things to various scholars. Being a generally present hypothesis of society, different sociologists comment that it is an endeavor to adulterate sociologys establishing fathers work. As a hypothesis of society, its essential reason is that social history has advanced such that the authors of human science didn't conceptualize. The originators of human science held the view that history may end with industrialization while really it has advanced by it. Nonetheless, this advancement has prompted disarray about the nature and the ensuing bearing of the general public. The establishing fathers couldn't conceptualize the present framework which is described by the ascent of relativity and the decay of unadulterated fact of the matter. With an expansion in collaborations combined with the breaking of social and social hindrances, the current society has lost reason and course. Post innovation best portray this time on the grounds that the general public has built up a demeanor in which there are no sure facts about the world. This has prompted adjustment and resulting consolidation of different belief systems over all societies. With respect to workmanship, there exists an all inclusiveness in gratefulness and articulation over all societies. Diverse masterful styles are facilitated and joined in a solitary component in this way fabricating a one of a kind social framework which incorporates various components in different social practices into one. For example, music is a mix of different tunes from various locales, the development of structures follow mainstream plans and progressively various races move in the direction of similar objectives. The general public has moved from state described by industrialization and urbanization to a condition of human reconciliation and reason. The portrayal of society through multifaceted and differing societies has made the world to be an incredible yet befuddled in its comprehension of life. This is the general public that we live in today. The idea of post advancement is an ongoing one which was presented in expressions of the human experience and design. Today, it has spread over the different parts of life and is yet to be acknowledged as the general name for this period throughout the entire existence of the human culture. The improvement of the post present day society follows its foundations on the verifiable procedures of the incredible change and innovation. Its reality in our present reality can't be denied. The period which was set apart by the procedures of industrialization and the development of private enterprise saw the start of a time of innovation. (Krieken, Habibis, Smith, Hutchins, Haralambos, Holborn 65). This period proceeded through the only remaining century and today, we are encountering an adjustment in the human culture. The aggregation of the procedure of progress has come about into this period which can legitimately be named post innovation. The general public has advanced to the degree that new originations and structures are building up that will undoubtedly supplant the current ones. As much as we may allude to it as worldwide, cosmopolitan or multicultural society, one clear thing is that it has developed from the general public that existed before the innovation of cutting edge data innovation. This must be alluded to as a post present day society.

European-English language Essay

As Ammon Ulrich puts it, the English language is the most friendly dialects on the planet as a result of its character for being available to different dialects (2002). The English language acknowledges words and articulations from different dialects. It even gets the local words and articulations of certain nations. Such hospitability of the English language can be demonstrated by speaking to the historical underpinnings found in some English expressions (Algeo and Pyles 2004). However, he contended that such hospitability doesn't involve humbleness. Truth be told, he contended that the English language has begun to rule the world by making the world familiar with utilize and communicate in the English language (Ammon 2002). The sixteenth, seventeenth and the eighteenth century flagged the ascent of the English language in Europe (Anderman and Rogers 2005). These periods denoted the perfect impact of the English language in the European human advancements. Due to exchanges and delivery organizations, it was said that Europe had progressively uncovered themselves on the English language (Phillipson 2003). The nineteenth century made practically the entirety of the European dialects to have particular fondness with the English language moreover the European dialects incorporate vocabularies and terms that were gotten from the English language (Anderman and Rogers 2005). In the twentieth century, England played an exceptionally huge job in growing the impact of the English language in the entire European district. In light of social relations, monetary exchanges, and worldwide interchanges, English had really infiltrated Europe. There was this blended European and English language †mix of structures, terms, articulations and styles of the two dialects (Anderman and Rogers 2005). In any case, in this period, English doesn't have any uncommon spot in European nations. It isn't viewed as an official language by other European nations (Phillipson 2003). Despite the fact that there are a few nations which utilized English as their local language. There are nations in Europe which are restricted with deciphering records and reports from their local language into English (Ammon 2002). Bilingualism is permitted in the European locale (Phillipson 2003). Be that as it may; European nations don't feel that making the English language as their official language would roll out huge improvement for them. Accordingly, they won't think about interpretations of papers, official reports and announcements into the English language. There are independent versions and issues of magazines that are printed and distributed in English (Ammon 2002). As indicated by the European Union, however the English language has genuinely demonstrated its significance in universal business and correspondence, it doesn't really imply that they would enthusiastically embrace it (Anderman and Rogers 2005). What happened is that, European nations, along with their societies, reproduced the English language with their own local language. For instance, the mix of French and English is called Franglais. The mix of German and English is Denglish, Spanish and English is Spanglish, Dutch and English is Nederengels (Anderman and Rogers 2005). Other than this remaking or the blending of European dialects and the English language, the European Union declares that in spite of the fact that the English language is key factor in business correspondence, nearby societies and correspondence ought to be first thought of. Thusly, English is just viewed as a standard language utilized and spoken by the individuals in Europe (Stavans 2002). Crawford’s â€Å"Heritage Languages in America: Tapping a ‘Hidden’ Resource† English Language is known as the official language of America (Crawford 1999). All the conditions of America utilize and talk about it. There is nothing of the sort as local language aside from the way that America has been restrained by numerous others with various nationalities and societies (Cheshire 2007). It is labeled as the mixture of the world. Consequently, it is unquestionable that each endeavor to draw close to it would mean uncovering oneself from the extremely compelling intensity of the American culture including the utilization of the English language (Crawford 1999). As indicated by James Crawford, it is inescapable that the world would twist around the English language (1999). Obviously, one can't get by in the universal scene without realizing how to talk and get English. As more than once referenced in this paper, global correspondence requires the English language (Crystal 2003). He worried in his contentions his conflict to those nations which attempt to build up an enemy of bilingual crusade (Crawford 1999). It is to be noticed that there are truly bills and laws that are as of now against the utilization of English as a subsequent language. He saw no consistent explanation behind pushing such crusade. American individuals respect and perceive the job of the English language. They perceive how it essentially influences their lives and the world. Regardless of how the English language is diversely utilized and spoken by various nations on the planet, almost certainly that it pushes the world to take huge jumps concerning mechanical, logical, political and for the most part monetary headways. English language-approach framework in America is equipped towards the unification of local clans and gatherings with the entire of America (Johnson, 2000). It doesn't generally sabotage or incapacitate local dialects. It fills in as the key weapon in improving the lives of the individuals, and causing them to understand that the world is truly moving towards modernization and globalization. It is highly unlikely that the English language would not influence the universal relations of the world (Cheshire 2007). Notwithstanding, as indicated by James Crawford, it doesn't suggest that different dialects would be tossed good and gone. He demanded that local dialects ought to be tied up with the local dialects in order to save the way of life and legacy of specific areas and gatherings in America while putting forth attempts to propel the personal satisfaction they have (Crawford 1999). End The English Language can't generally possess by one country. Actually it isn't solely possessed by any one. It is a specialist language which will in general be available to every one of that needs a typical mode for specific and explicit reason. The examination considers introduced in this paper demonstrates that the English language has truly entered the global scene †leaving either positive or negative impacts. All the more along these lines, its advancement occurred amidst reactions and restrictions against it. China, Japan, Europe and America conceded that the English language altogether participates in each change of the world. It is an extremely unique language which permits the digestion and incorporation of pretty much every different dialects and culture. Bilingualism might be viewed as issue or danger for other people. Regardless, bilingualism opens the entryway for better correspondence. References: Algeo, J. , and Pyles, T 2004, The Origins and Development of the English Language (fifth ed. ), Heinle. Ammon, U 2002, English As An Academic Language In Europe: A Survey Of Its Use In Teachin,. Diminish Lang Publishing. Anderman, G. M. , and Rogers, M 2005, In And Out Of English: For Better, For Worse? (Interpreting Europe, Multilingual Matters Limited. Brownell, J. A1967, Japan’s second language;: A basic investigation of the English language program in the Japanese auxiliary schools in the 1960’s, National Council of Teachers of English. Burchfield, R 2003, The English Language,. Oxford University Press. Burnley, D 2000, The History of the English Language: A Source Book (second ed. ), Longman. Cheshire, J 2007, English around the globe: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press. Cheshire, Jenny 1991, Introduction: sociolinguistics and English around the globe, In Cheshire: 1-12. Crane, M 2004, English as a Second Language, Grand Central Publishing . Crawford, J 1999, Heritage Languages in America Retrieved July 2007, 2007 from http://ourworld. compuserve. com/landing pages/JWCRAWFORD/HL. htm Crystal, D 2003, English as a Global Language (second ed. ), Cambridge University Press. Fennell, B. A 2001, A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approac,. Blackwell Publishing Limited. Gorlach, M. 1991, Studies in Varieties of English around the globe, 1984-1988, Amsterdam/Philadephia: John Benjamin’s Publishing Company. Graddol, D 1996. The History of the English Language (First ed. ), Routledge. Hamers, Josiane F. and Blanc, Michel H. A 1989, Bilinguality and Bilingualism, Cambridge: CUP. Johnson, F. L 2000, Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States, Sage Publications, Inc . Kachru, B. B 1992, The Other Tongue: ENGLISH ACROSS CULTURES (second ed. ), University of Illinois Press. Kahcru, Braj B 1986, â€Å"The force and legislative issues of English†. In World Englishes, Vol. 5, No. 2/3: 121-140. Liu, J 2007, English Language Teaching in China: New Approaches, Perspectives and Standard, Continuum International Publishing Group. Marciamo 2005, Japan more obliging to English speakers than to speakers of different dialects, Retrieved July 28, 2007 from Japan Reference: http://www. jref. com/language/english_friendly_japan. shtml McMillan, R. R 1999, English as the Second Official Language in Japan? Recovered July 28, 2007, from Garden City Life: http://www.antonnews. com/gardencitylife/1999/12/17/conclusion/Pennycook, Alastair 1994, The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language, Harlow: Longman Group Ltd. Phillipson, R 2003, English-Only Europe? : Challenging Language Policy (First ed. ), Routledge. Porcaro, J. W 2002, â€Å"Translating writing and learning society. (showing English as an unknown dialect in Japan†, Academic Exchange Quarterly , 6 (4), p. 113. Ross, H. A 1993 China Learns English: Language Teaching and Social Change in the People's Republic, Yale University Press. Saito, T. , Nakamura, J. , and Yamazaki, S 2002, English Corpus L

Skipping Class and Failing Bio

Skipping Class and Failing Bio Fall semester began as expected, with a shot of adrenaline and confidence. This translated into a flurry of calendar-marking, schedule-planning, promise-making, and more personal resolutions than all of my New Years’ combined. Of course, this was typical: in high school, I perpetually resolved to become the model student I felt pressure to be, but my plans never materialized and my daily calendar just symbolically slouched untouched in the bottom of my locker. But this year was going to be different. This was MIT, and I couldn’t afford the same procrastinatory luxuries I previously enjoyed. I would have to be rigorous, I told myself, and I would be forced to buckle down and get seriously serious about my education. When September rolled around, I set my alarm for an ambitious 1 whole hour before each daily class. I resolved to never skip lecture. I promised myself I’d eat a healthy, wholesome breakfast every single day. Also, I’d call my parents at least twice a week and take my garbage out when it got full. Ha. Hahahahaha. That plan worked for a while. But by the second week of classes, a curious phenomenon began… phenomenizing. I started staying up later, but not because of homework. I was getting up later too, and had begun cutting short my dedicated “Breakfast at Baker” hour. Soon my 10am 7.012 (Biology) lecture fell prey, and, by the third week of classes, I just stopped attending. That escalated quickly, so let me restate it: I stopped going to class so I could sleep in. That’s OK, Joel, you’ll survive you can get all the material from recitation or from the online video lectures on MITx. Then, in early November, I apparently concluded that I had not made enough poor life choices. To accommodate my increasingly nocturnal schedule, I began sleeping through not only 10am 7.012 lecture, but also 11am 8.01 lecture and my 1pm 7.012 recitation. This was a problem because A) 8.01 lecture is mandatory, and B) 7.012 recitation was literally my only remaining means of learning the material, since I had proven myself far too undermotivated to watch the video lectures on my own. Now, 8.01 (Physics) lecture isn’t really a lecture, since the class is taught in a TEAL format, and it’s only mandatory to the extent that attendance comprises about 5% of the final grade, assessed through recorded clicker responses to in-class concept questions. That’s OK, Joel, your grade is high enough to take the hit. Besides, you took physics in high school. But in Biology, I had effectively dropped off of the academic map, and my 7.012 grades started dropping accordingly. I struggled to hit 70% on homework that should have been trivial. I found myself frantically googling phrases that I heard my friends toss casually around. I scraped by with a 66% on the second test, and then a 37% (!!!) on the third (and last). When the last pset got assigned, I legitimately could not start to answer a single question. I didn’t turn that pset in. OK, maybe this wasn’t the greatest idea. When the week before final exams rolled around, I wasn’t sure whether to laugh or cry. I was so comprehensively lost it was hilarious, and yet, at a 65% grade average in the class, I was at serious risk of failing the course. 7.012 is a GIR, which means I have to pass it to graduate, and I really did not want to suffer through it again. The final exam was on a Tuesday, but, by the Friday before, I still hadn’t looked at the last two months of material. Welp. Many times in high school, I observed that my chronic procrastination problem was not a result of laziness, but instead was a simple function of time-dependent motivation. My mind just refused to work on a project if it knew it could finish it later without consequence. Instead, I’d just delay working until I got legitimately scared by how close the deadline was (usually a matter of hours), at which time my brain would plunge into an emergency panic overdrive mode. While in Emergency Panic Overdrive Mode, I could streak through weeks of calc homework in an evening or churn out research papers of arbitrary length before sunrise. If I had to do it, I would make it happen. Otherwise, I just browsed reddit. Saturday afternoon three days before the final exam that I needed to pass I entered Emergency Panic Overdrive Mode. I purchased an egregious amount of Mountain Dew and barricaded myself in one of the super useful reading rooms on the 5th floor of the Student Center. There, I plugged in my headphones and opened the long-neglected video lectures. The beautiful thing about MITx is that their video player has a built-in playback speed adjuster. That means that I can listen to Professor Eric Lander’s voice zip along at twice its normal velocity. This, along with a focused concentration and heavy doses of caffeine, allowed me to cruise through 24 lectures in just 13 short hours, spread across Saturday and Sunday. It was the most information-dense weekend I’ve ever subjected myself to, and it was grueling to just sit and force myself to concentrate for hours on end. I would not recommend trying this at home. So is an oncogene a repressor or an activator? Or is that a proto-oncogene? Or do you pronounce it ‘protOOOncogene’? Can we just go to sleep now? Monday morning was the 8.01 final. Surprisingly, my physics grades were actually quite good, and I walked out of the 3-hour exam after just 60 minutes. I even answered all of the questions! Most of them were even correct! I promptly took a nap, then went back to studying for 7.012’s exam the next morning. This time I went through all of my psets, reviewing common question formats. If I didn’t understand something, I’d ask a friend. Or Wikipedia. I became close friends with Wikipedia. Tuesday morning came and went. I wore a suit to the final, because if I was going to fail, I wanted to fail in style. The test was everything that I expected it to be it was difficult, it was challenging, and it was about Biology (good). I gave every question my best shot, even if I knew I didn’t understand the problem fully. And then I was done. It was all over. It was a strange feeling I felt simultaneously exhilarated and hopelessly, precariously nervous. In just a few days I’d find out if I’d wasted an entire semester only to fail my first class at MIT. Final exam scores were released later that week. I pulled up the online gradebook, and, at the moment of truth… … found out absolutely nothing, because even with my percentage, I wasn’t sure if I passed the class. Is 58% on the final passing? Is a 63% average passing? I hope so, because that’s what I have! I had to hyperventilate for several more days until class grades were finalized on my transcript. When that finally happened, at the real moment of truth… I PASSED! I actually passed! And not only did I pass, but, thanks to the wonderful gift to humanity that is Pass/No Record, nobody will ever know how close I was to failing 7.012 entirely. Well, you all know since I just blogged about it, but don’t tell my future employers, OK? I’ve thought long and hard about what the moral of this story should be. What should I take away from this? Certainly not that I can afford to skip classes regularly, since, with the end of Pass/No Record, grades actually matter. And certainly not that I should be a Biology major, since, about 12 seconds after handing in the final exam, I flushed everything I learned that weekend out of my short-term memory. In the end, I have no ragrets regrets. If I had used this procrastinate-and-cram tactic to pass a more essential class, like 18.02 or 8.01, I would be disappointed in myself, but since 7.012 is almost as distant from my major as it is from my memory, I’m not concerned. I’m also glad I tested my limits. To be fair, I’m even more glad that I passed, but I feel much more aware of what I can handle and how I can handle it. I wouldnt dissuade anyone who wants to skip lecture great! but know what youre getting yourself into, and dont deceive yourself into thinking its easily sustainable. And definitely dont blog about it. Then everybody will know.

People Usually Measured Someone’S Socioeconomic Status

People usually measured someone’s socioeconomic status (SES) in terms of access to education, income and also their profession. SES often seen as an individual’s class and standing in the society. Besides, it also can influence the quality of life of an individual and their families. In this paper, I interviewed four people (2 male and 2 female) that are the children of divorce from different socioeconomic status (SES). It is said that children of divorce will feel surprised, angry, disappointed and even upset with their parents’ decision to get a divorce. However, each person will not have the same experiences in term of how long these feeling will last—some people can adjust well, but some of them will suffer with serious adjustment†¦show more content†¦Firstly, we can see that my interviewees who are from the higher SES family adjust better to their parents’ divorce, if we take into account financial factor. It is said that divorce means sequences of financial adjustments and obstacle for most divorcing women and men (Demo Fine, 2010). For higher SES family, losses will be fairly minor, but not for lower SES family. For them, divorce means continued economic hardship. Kat, that is one of my interviewees, lost her financial support, as his father is the only breadwinner in her family. Thus, after her parents were separated, she and her mother have to go through many financial problems. She said that the financial problems led to stress and it made it harder for her to adjust to her parents’ divorce. It is the same happen for Shah that is also from a working class family. Until now, Shah has to work part time to help his mother pay the bills. Both of them also expressed that they had to change houses. They expressed that at that time, these things caused them to have poor academic performance and make them even more stressed out. In contrast, both of my upper middle class interviewees (Jay and Maria) have wor king mothers (their custodial parent) whoShow MoreRelatedThe Link Between Poverty and Crime1654 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Many people living in poverty do not want to be living in poverty. In order to obtain a higher level of socioeconomic status, crime is seen as the only option.† (Wilson, 1987). Crime exists everywhere in the world – in rural and urban areas in many countries, in the East and West, and among all types of people. This has led many government officials, especially those in urban areas, to focus largely on the reduction of crime among their respective constituencies and has led others to speculateRead Moreconvicted felon3622 Words   |  15 Pagespopulation so that you will see the seriousness of drugs in the community and the effects of drugs on people. I will converse about drug dealers because they are part of the reason why people are getting supplied with the drugs. If there were no drug dealers drug use would be cut down tremendously. Discussing drug and regulation is important to know about because knowing how drugs are regulated helps people know were the drugs come from and how they came into existence. I will also debate different typesRead MoreEssay on Crime Typologies3922 Words   |  16 Pages This can also be considered where personal pr operty is been taken away from homes or used around town. The second type of crime is Enterprise Crimes. Enterprise crimes are also known as White Collar Crimes are considered illegal activities of people or institutions whose purpose is to profit through legitimate business transactions. These crimes are committed by individuals or groups who use the corporate world as their own criminal activity. Some examples of enterprise crimes can include taxRead MoreImportance of Research Data14647 Words   |  59 Pagescarefully constructed and clearly defined, as they dictate the data that need to be obtained and analyzed in order to successfully address the objectives themselves. In addition, the quantity of data, their qualities, and how they are sampled and measured, have implications for the choice and effectiveness of the data analysis techniques used in subsequent analysis. †¢ Most research requires data and data analysis. †¢ Data acquisition is of utmost importance and considerable effort shouldRead MoreTransferable Skills Development13058 Words   |  53 PagesDevelop skills in managing oneself, other people, groups, and ultimately organizations. †¢ Develop rich set of softer interpersonal, influencing, team-building, conflict management, and communications skills. †¢ Understand organizational performance, and career success in modern, dynamic and complex organizations. Transferable Skills Development: Transferable Skills Development is more than getting work done through people. It is developing people through work. If you want to improve yourRead MoreSocial Media Business Model Analysis - Case Tencent, Facebook, and Myspace34799 Words   |  140 Pagesfinancial aspects. Through empirical studies on business models, Tencent emphasizes to focus on users’ personalization and provides integrated solutions, it achieves high financial return mostly through virtual goods channel. Facebook offers young people a specific social networking platform, enable the communication and maintain people’s relationships in a way of content sharing, it collects revenues mainly from online ads. Myspace gives users high personalized experiences through social entertainingRead MoreSocial Media Business Model Analysis - Case Tencent, Facebook, and Myspace34799 Words   |  140 Pagesfinancial aspects. Through empirical studies on business models, Tencent emphasizes to focus on usersâ€℠¢ personalization and provides integrated solutions, it achieves high financial return mostly through virtual goods channel. Facebook offers young people a specific social networking platform, enable the communication and maintain people’s relationships in a way of content sharing, it collects revenues mainly from online ads. Myspace gives users high personalized experiences through social entertainingRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Plagiarism39529 Words   |  158 Pagesof these is clearly dishonest. You are, in effect, stealing other peoples work and passing it off as your own. In doing so you are claiming credit for something that it not your own. It may be that the agency that is funding the work is being defrauded by paying for something that is not original: it may be that the publisher is unknowingly put into the position of assisting you to infringe another persons copyright. Some people defend self-plagiarism on the grounds that the work is their own andRead MoreHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 Pages3/9/2013 9:21:55 PM | | | Modified:3/9/2013 9:22 PM | | Tom, Thanks for the article.   It is amazing how tort laws and religion sometimes clash and there are different ways to look at what is ethical or not.   I have also heard of cases where people do not believe in modern medicine to treat illness, but instead use prayer.   Just as a personal belief, I often wonder why it is that modern medicine is not seen as a gift from above or a way that prayers have been answered.   By no means am I to  Read MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesto be different than the competitors. Hence marketing becomes a very important functional area for every firm where the competition is very high. In a business firm, marketing generates the revenues that are managed by financial people and used by the productions people in creating products or services. The challenge of marketing is to generate that revenue by satisfying consumers wants at a profit and in a socially responsible manner. Marketing is not limited to business. Whenever you try to persuade

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Greeting in a Higher Order and Lower Order Essay Samples

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Greeting in a Higher Order and Lower Order Essay Samples Professional writers can deal at any kind of paper you've been assigned, whether it's a common five paragraph essay or a case study. Asking them how they'd tackle an issue differently is a good example of an evaluation question. If you're not sure about whether someone is married that it is possible to utilize Ms. Many students one or more times in their lives thought about how difficult it's to compose an essay. Here it's also important to take into account how to deal with the recipient. These 7 steps can help you create powerful presentations that wow clients and win sales. Order of operations is the order to evaluate distinctive operations. The order of operations is crucial to solving different algebraic difficulties. Whispered Greeting in a Higher Order and Lower Order Essay Samples Secrets If you've enclosed any documents together with the letter, including a resume, you indicate this simply by typing Enclosures under the closing. The earlier you request a paper, the better it is going to be! You will receive the paper you need if you want it. Your paper is going to be given to a writer who can elaborate on your ideas to provide your essay a particular flair. You are going to get a top quality essay that caters to all your requirements in virtually no time in any way! If you realize that you are on a tight deadline and will need to compose a great Science essay to acquire a perfect grade, the simplest thing to do is to seek the services of an expert writer. When you purchase essay online, there's always a probability of ending up with an essay that was already sold to somebody else. Now you understand how to order essay online and are prepared for everything! Want to Know More About Greeting in a Higher Order and Lower Order Essay Samples? Just give us your specifications, and you will receive an ideal custom written essay that's tailored to your requirements. Letter Wizard should only be used in case you have a basic understand of the way to compose a business letter. You might already have a school proposal template alongside you. For this reason, you should talk a business writing handbook when you have any questions or doubt the truth of the Letter Wizard. You simply pay after we've matched you with a writer for your undertaking. It's important as well to keep in mind that we never keep your customized work in our database after the delivery, thus you can be totally sure your writing won't ever be rewritten for one more student. Reasons to choose us If you are searching for a dependable essay writing service, we are the one that you want. A high-quality on-line essay writing service may be a true lifesaver. Using Greeting in a Higher Order and Lower Order Essay Samples Possessing a strict approach towards one's health is among the fundamental facets of the Rastafarian culture and way of life. Some results may need additional treatments and advice, which ought to be discussed privately. Efforts and actions need to take place in the situations as a way to attain such harmony. The significance of offering a positive learning environment, creation of dynamic and productive lessons, flexible delivery through using a variety of strate gies, greatly increases the capacity for students to realize their highest learning. The Greeting in a Higher Order and Lower Order Essay Samples Trap You heard right it's possible to order essays for cheap prices whenever you will need a plan b! It is clear that each student ought to carefully opt for the service, as low cost does not necessarily mean high quality. Extremely substantial rates are ordinarily a consequence of the writing company's greediness. You can't be sure of the papers' quality because they are written by foreigners. The Characteristics of Greeting in a Higher Order and Lower Order Essay Samples Your writing is going to be delivered in time, and that means you will have sufficient time to learn it or at least get familiar with the context if you'd like to. Pre-written essays are extremely popular with those needing something easy and fast for their money. With us the writers will do all of your work you merely must pay them. When you are in need of a bre ak from all of the writing, don't hesitate to speak to our experts. Playing a guitar chord isn't just hitting the strings to make the sound that you want to hear, at guitar chords notes you can understand that there is different pitch and varieties of notes that every chord have. Students feel tensed and attempt to copy work from others causing additional embarrassment. A normal student should deal with many different issues besides studying books. Students with this feeling of belonging are more inclined to respond with appropriate behaviours and play an active role in class participation instead of against the teacher. For example, if you've included many documents and will need to be sure that the recipient is mindful of each document, it might be a fantastic idea to list the names. That is, clearly, if you don't specify your own collection of sources. Each student's nightmare is not having the ability to deliver an assignment within the deadline needed by the instructor . When it is an older person or something which you don't know very well it's also find to just adhere to the more formal Mr. etc..

The Educational Reforms Policy Education Essay Free Essays

string(128) " for some elements of monitoring and supervising of instructor public presentation which is a critical portion of this country\." The Educational reforms policy has extremely valued the betterment in the instruction sector in Pakistan as stated by Education reforms Policy 2009. On the other manus national authoritiess and employers have argued that it is of import for all sectors of instruction to fix persons who are able to believe good and for themselves ( Pithers, Rebecca sodden 2010 ) . The states with most economic growing and development have rather a good educational substructure and as stated above, They work rather difficult on supplying quality instruction through available resources. We will write a custom essay sample on The Educational Reforms Policy Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore we have a job of importance of incorporating critical thought with the current educational reforms. In this assignment I will foreground some of the instruction sector reforms along with the construct of critical thought. First portion constitute of state portfolio, followed by the work of authorities in the instruction sector and it as the instance survey which is subsequently on followed by an history of the policy of authorities and schemes it presented which shows the complete scenario subsequently on an history on critical thought and it ‘s usage has been elaborated while the decision highlights how it can be used to better the bing authorization of instruction reforms. 1.2 Country portfolio: Pakistan became an autonomous state in 1947 when British India split into a Muslim province of Pakistan and a mostly Hindu India. The state is a federation of four states, each one with a parliamentary system, federally administered Tribal Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory. The four states are Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwah ( KPK ) and Balochistan. Pakistan is situated in South Asia, surrounding India to the East, Iran to the South West, China to the North East, and Afghanistan to the West and North. To the South is the Arabian Sea. Pakistan is an Islamic Republic. Since 1947 the state has experienced a assortment of democratic and military authoritiess. Pakistan has approximately 162 million dwellers ( 2005 estimation ) . Most, 97 % of the population is Muslim. The state is composed of several cultural groups of which Punjabi is the largest and rest include Pashtuns, Balochi and Sindhi while several smaller cultural groups. Punjabi is one of the most widely spoken linguistic communication along with Urdu as the official linguistic communication and English as the linguistic communication of disposal. The public is immature and fast turning with a mean age of 19.58 old ages and a public growing rate of 2.03 % . The state has an estimated literacy rate someplace between 48 % and 54 % depending on the beginnings and the definitions used ( 10 years+ or 15 years+ ) with large gender differences and differences between rural, tribal and urban countries. 32 % of the public lives below the poorness line. The chief employment is within agribusiness sector ( 42 % ) , while 38 % of the human resource work in services while 20 % in industry. The state has been hurt from long internal differences, a low degree of foreign investing in the private sector and wars with India. However, in recent yesteryear, helped by macroeconomic betterments and an addition in industrial production, Pakistan has practiced a positive ec onomic disposition, with an one-year growing in GDP of 6.1 % . The Fundamental law from 1973 ( article 33 ) needs development of an instruction policy to safeguard the saving, pattern and ascent of Islamic political orientation and rules as enshrined in the instructions of the Quran and the Holy Prophet. The National Education Policy ( 1998-2010 ) clearly states the aim of doing Islamic instruction the codification of life incorporated in all signifiers of instruction. The instance survey: 1.3 Education Sector Reforms. The Government ‘s I-PRSP sets endeavoring marks for polishing instruction sector results and the Government has moved to set in topographic point programs to accomplish these marks. The Federal Minister of Education used an Education Sector Reform ( ESR ) plan in 2001 which seeks to offer national leading around the Education For All program every bit good as reference major sectorial issues. The ESR wants to turn to these achievements have been challenged in the past few months, and the Pakistan economic system has been adversely affected by the post-September 11th events. The Government is at work to remain the declared class of action and endure to turn to the organisational reform docket. Some of the critical letdowns of the yesteryear in the instruction sector by supplying resource mobilisation and use, and presenting institutional reforms at every degree of instruction to progress in administration. Goals are set for increasing literacy, gross primary registration, in-between school and secondary registration and higher instruction, by the twelvemonth 2004. The attack for traveling towards these aims include a assorted figure of constituents and investings at all degrees of instruction, including an ample sum of literacy programme, enlargement of primary and simple degree instruction, conveying up of a proficient watercourse at secondary school degree, polishing quality of instruction through instructor preparation which is one of chief procedure of educational reforms, higher instruction sector reforms which chiefly aims at instruction higher than class 12, and public private subdivision partnerships. In add-on, the ESR includes new open uping plans in scrutiny betterment, a countrywide instruction appraisal system illustration of which are the HEC and quality confidence programmes, picture text edition libraries, along with early childhood instruction known chiefly as baby’s room and an â€Å" follow a school † plan. The Islamabad Capital Territory is being utilized to prove a figure of the assorted enterprises consistin g the enlisting of instructors on contract bases, implementing preparation exercisings for caput instructors and instruction centres to assist better instructors ‘ educational cognition, promotion of entry makings for instructors and presenting a instructor focused codification of moralss to work out chronic instructor absenteeism. In the context of devolution/decentralization, administration betterments constitutes sturdily in the ESR. Mechanisms are being established to reorganise school control and citizens community boards, provide assorted extra resources for instruction and rationalisation of supervisors to territory degrees. The said Citizen Boards and School Management Committees are given duty for some elements of monitoring and supervising of instructor public presentation which is a critical portion of this country. You read "The Educational Reforms Policy Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Self-acting monitoring plans will besides be set up to grade poli cy and pattern. The ESR puts a high precedence on consolidation of public private partnerships in the conveyance of instruction services. Encouragements to the private sector to set up schools, peculiarly in rural countries and urban slums would be rather utile in this respect which include proviso of free of cost or concessional land, non commercial services rates, generous grant of charters, and exclusion of certain types of dues and revenue enhancements. The Government has besides taken the chief function in reformation of the Nationwide Education Foundation supplying it with greater independency under the Societies Act. The Sindh Government ‘s â€Å" Adopt a School † plan has been rather positive in intriguing corporate and other financess to concern text editions, schools uniforms, and other commissariats every bit good as preservation of edifices, and is being replicated in diverse parts of the state. In add-on the Government plans to absorb private sector and NGO schools into the Education Management Information System ( EMIS ) and the National Education Assessment agreement at national and provincial degrees. In tantamount with the federal authorities ‘s ESR creativeness, provincial authoritiess, wherever duty for instruction remainders, are besides get downing to set in topographic point steps that address some of the most cardinal jobs of the system, such as naming instructors to account through a re-certification procedure, associating wage with public presentation ( attending ) , assignment of new instructors on contract bases and specifically for school with assorted researching ways to run all available underutilized school edifices. Each state has begun to quite earnestly supervise teacher presence and subjective grounds of that has been provided in many countries. To spread out installations, a new start has been prepared on a large backlog of postponeded care and the plan of alot new militias has been rationalized. Education sections are holding duties of stock lists fresh schools and look intoing options for their use, inter alia through â€Å" undertaking out † bat tles. Theory used: The direction scientific discipline position of the popular organizational acquisition theory, specifically the ‘technical ‘ strand, has been used and applied to this peculiar survey ( Addleson, 1996 ; Easterby-Smith 1997 ) . It foresees that the university administration is infact a system that aligns its purposes to particular action programs to gain awaited results ( Agyris A ; Schon, 1978 ) . As the university replies to alterations in its ambiance, it is possible that it will besides redefine its purposes or at least alter its action programs in order to obtain satisfactory results as it often adapts to its unstable ambiance. The state of affairs in which the university maps has been considered by worsening and intermittent authorities support, increasing societal authorization for higher instruction, increasing independency and answerability as required by the appraisal and quality bureaus. The reaction of the university can be a new or a counteractive action progr am could be started by a feedback cringle when the anticipated results have non been attained. In the same manner, the responses of the university administration can be so prevailing that they move the said purposes or programs ( bing norms or values ) that will besides do new action programs to obtain satisfactory consequences. Curative programs or incremental fluctuations are the most common in university organisations ( Boyce, 2003 ) although considerable alterations in the usual norms have besides been reported ( for illustration Clark, 1998 ) . This theoretical statements have been applied as an interpretative model within which the responses of the university to public sector reforms have been evaluated. Similarly, as it is thought of, critical thought involves aptitudes in add-on to certain temperaments. They are brought to bear in placing a trouble and its associated conventions ; clear uping and concentrating the job itself ; and analyzing, understanding and doing usage of deductions, inductive and deductive logic, every bit good as judging the legitimacy and dependableness of the premises, beginnings of informations or information which is available ( e.g. Kennedy, Fisher and Ennis, 1991 ) . 3. The educational reforms instance: The chief aim of authorities policy in the past few old ages has been to better the degree and quality of schooling in Pakistan. The authorities vision is to spread out primary instruction and this step can be used to measure whether authorities schools have augmented their coverage, by increasing registrations quicker than the growing in public, particularly at the lower degree because that degree forms the nucleus of the knowing population. Literacy and primary school registration rates in Pakistan have displayed development during last five old ages but they are still hanging behind other states of the part. Deficit of resources and deficient proviso of comfortss and preparation are the primary troubles in instructing and spread outing instruction. The present authorities ‘s program for the sector includes implementing the operation and usage of bing schools, developing the quality of instruction, spread outing registration, polishing entree to instruction and increasing the primary instruction system. Under the 18th constitutional amendment during the reign of General Pervez Musharraf ordinance and direction of the instruction sector has been devolved to the states. They are now held responsible for the assorted cardinal countries of the instruction sector i.e. course of study and course of study, centres of excellence, standardisation of instruction up to intercede degree ( Grade 12 ) and it besides includes the Islamic instruction. Planning and policy and standardisation of instruction beyond Grade 12 are covered under Federal Legislative List which is an of import factor in relationship to the reforms in this country. All the states have emphasized their committedness to the National Education Policy 2009. 3.1 National Educational Policy 2009 The National Educational Policy ( NEP ) 2009 is an accomplishment which aims to turn to a figure of assorted aims including: oˆ? quality and measure of instruction in schools and college instruction oˆ? cosmopolitan primary instruction which is a portion of UN docket oˆ? improved Early Children Education ( ECE ) known as baby’s rooms oˆ? improved installations in primary schools both in rural and urban countries oˆ? change overing primary schools to simple schools oˆ? detaching categories XI-XII from college instruction oˆ? following a comprehensive definition of ‘free ‘ instruction which will supply instruction to every citizen oˆ? accomplishing regional and gender para particularly at simple degree in order to continue gender equality oˆ? provide demand based accomplishments and increase in the portion of resources for instruction in both public and private countries The policy besides defines the motivations of authorities at the federal every bit good as the provincial degree in the country of instruction. The National instruction scheme is being applied through a figure of different strategies and one of the of import strategy in this respect is the Quality Assurance Programme. 3.2 Quality Assurance Programme Harmonizing to information from HEC ‘s web site, the mission of the Quality Assurance Programme is to present an integrated quality and confidence direction service for higher acquisition where ends of the strategy are: aˆ? To analyze the spreads in the background of quality of higher instruction in Pakistan aˆ? To run into the tests of planetary adaptibility in higher instruction aˆ? To better the criterions of higher acquisition in cross-cutting countries and assorted degrees aˆ? To develop a executable and maintainable mechanism of quality confidence in the higher instruction sector of the state An adviser of Quality Assurance in HEC is in charge for induction of the Quality Assurance Programme. Under the Quality Assurance Programme, a Quality Assurance Committee was established in 2003. The commission is made of Vice Chancellors from assorted universities with the aim of holding representation from smaller and medium universities and universities for adult females and to better geographical equality. The Team has an extended end to guarantee the appraisal, betterment and publicity of higher instruction. The Committee articulates policies, steering rules and significances for higher instruction establishments, organize programs for the development of the establishments ( in cooperation with the establishments ) and sets up national or regional appraisal councils to transport out enfranchisement of establishments. One of the first undertakings of the commission was to decide on the Ranking of Universities. The ground for this judgement was to: â€Å" advance positive competition and Foster betterment in criterions of higher instruction programmes † ; â€Å" Harmonizing to the Powers and Functions of the Commission as stated in â€Å" Ordinance No. LIII of 2002, Para 10, Clause vitamin E † the Higher Education Commission may put up national or regional rating councils or authorise any bing council or similar organic structure to transport out accreditation of Institutions including their sections, installations and subjects by giving them appropriate evaluations. The Commission shall assist construct capacity of bing councils or organic structures in order to heighten the dependability of the rating carried out by them. † Accreditation councils in Pakistan have been established for calculating and technology, while councils for accreditation are besides planned for agribusiness, concern and instruction. National Computing Education Accreditation Council ( NCEAC ) NCEAC is another organic structure that is bettering the quality of instruction pupils receive in topics in applied scientific disciplines, calculating, technology and engineering instruction in the universities and assorted related establishments of higher instruction in Pakistan. The aims of the said councils are to vouch quality in calculating degree plans in educational establishments by guaranting that programmes run into certain distinguishable criterions or standards. It shall be obligatory for all relevant academic programmes delivered by public and private sector organisations to be accredited by NCEAC. It is besides an aim to guarantee transparence of tantamount survey programmes. 4. Critical thought: Evaluation is considered as a nucleus ability. Attitudes or temperaments such as a ‘spirit of enquiry ‘ are besides seen by some writers in the field as really of import ( e.g. Ennis, 1993 ; Perkins, Jay and Tishman, 1993 ) . For illustration, Ennis ‘s position of critical thought involves wide temperaments, movable over different spheres such as being ‘open-minded ‘ , ‘drawing indefensible guesss carefully ‘ and ‘considering the credibleness of grounds ‘ . These capablenesss and temperaments occur within a planetary mentality in which thought is abstracted as a type of reasoned statement with an explicitly societal dimension ( Kuhn, 1991 ) . Kember ( 1997 ) , after analyzing the available published research grounds, it is suggested that learning attacks in third instruction may be influenced by interaction of factors. For illustration, one factor, course of study made, was seen to act upon university and college lectors to be more subjective in nature when learning instead than on the development of critical thought. This may be due to the fact that content is normally specified far more to the full than perchance generalizable the abilities. It seems excessively that instructors are presented small aid in lighting what is encompassed in the impression of ‘good ‘ thought. Thus they are non clear on what it is they are supposed to be assisting pupils to come on. Not amazingly, deficiency of lucidity about the ability of critical thought leads to misperception about how good thought might be measured ; appraisal and rating of critical thought has been greatly neglected worldwide ( e.g. Kennedy et al. , 1991 ) . Continuing confusion about these jobs seems sometimes to take to education attacks to problem-solving which are dubious to develop more widely movable generalizable critical thought aptitudes and mentalities. Research in the UK farther instruction sector, where the growing of work related thought has been highlighted since the late eightiess, provides illustrations of instruction which is changing with this purpose. Teaching activities probably to develop critical thought were known to be rare in Social Care courses. This was a surprise, provided that the classs in this zone were an induction into a profession which values critical scrutiny ( Anderson et al. , 1997 ) . Bloomer ( 1998 ) reported a similar tendency based upon his research of a scope of assorted programmes taking to the General National Vocational Qualifications ( GNVQ ) . In these classs pupils engaged in much activity, although it seldom included critical scrutiny. However, there appears to be a deficit of published research which examines the advancement of critical thought during degree-level classs. In a survey of critical thought affecting 256 Scots and Australian university pupils analyzing instruction, an enterprise was made to size critical thought utilizing the Smith-Whetton Critical Reasoning Test ( CRT ) , a moderately valid and dependable standardised psychological trial with assortments available for both states viz. UK and Australia ( Pithers and Soden, 1999 ) . Average CRT sums were equated for class campaigners with grades and those who had no grade, every bit good as for stage ( twelvemonth ) of class. Overall, it was found that there were no notable between-group CRT differences for alumnus V non-graduate students or for phase or stage of the class. In fact, alumnus appliers had CRT tonss non significantly greater than nongraduates nor did last phase ( Years 2 and 3 ) pupils, on a average mark, achieved significantly better tha n Stage 1 pupils. As a whole, these consequences propose that the kind of critical thought restrained by the CRT, based on Ennis ‘s ( 1993 ) construct which is drawn shortly, was non being good developed in the third instruction class examined in both states. Nor did the critical thought abilities and temperaments measured by the CRT appear to hold been developed significantly by the pupils during their old survey at degree degree. Furthermore, CRT mean tonss for these pupils were non signi. cantly higher than the normative sample agencies provided in the CRT Manual ( Smith and Whetton, 1992 ) for schoolleavers who had taken scrutinies measure uping them for university entry ( e.g. in the UK, A-levels ; in Australia, HSC-level ) . In a subsequent paper ( in readying ) the writers report cases of critical thought in a sample ( n = 40 ) of essays for a similar grade class whose programme aims included the development of abilities encompassed by the term critical thought ; these abilities were described explicitly in class forms issued to lectors and pupils. Cases of critical thought were rare and there was a high frequence of averments without justification. Lectors, coachs and pupils seemed non to portion an apprehension of what it means to believe critically. These findings, possibly, should non be viewed as surprising, given the published literature over a comparatively long period about the patterns which inhibit critical thought ( e.g. Raths et al. , 1966 ; Sternberg, 1987 ) . Evidence that pupils enter higher instruction with developing ability to believe critically is another statement for happening effectual steps to advance this ability. Kuhn ( 1991 ) supposed that thought as statement was variably implicated in the beliefs people hold, the opinions they make and the decisions they arrive at ; it was at the bosom of mundane thought. Among Kuhn ‘s ‘skills of statement ‘ are the ability to suggest sentiments alternative to one ‘s ain and to cognize what grounds would back up these, to supply grounds that at the same time supports one ‘s ain sentiments while refuting the options and to weigh the equity of one ‘s ain cogent evidence and that of others. Kuhn provided cogent evidence that none of these aptitudes is widespread in the grownup population in the USA, even among those wh o have had a college instruction. In a UK engagement, Anderson et Al. ( 1997 ) confirmed that pupils ‘ thought, as conceptualized in Kuhn ‘s theoretical account, could be meaningfully improved ( over that of a control group ) in the normal course of study by infixing steps flinging the chief subjects in the literature reviewed in this paper. The better measure and quality of accounts the pupils incorporated into their study lettering by the 4th month of the invasion were still evident at the terminal of the academic twelvemonth. Many authors have highlighted that thought and content are closely related. These staffs imply that larning to believe involves larning to utilize content in in turn more sophisticated ways in understanding the universe. Barnet ( 1994, p. 153 ) suggested that an educational purpose should be the growing of wisdom, corporate exchange, and a acknowledgment even a review of interior appraisals ‘ . Bonnett ( 1995 ) claimed that any appraisal of ‘good thought ‘ which fails to afirm the dependability of content is likely to be lacking. Indeed there is sound matter-of-fact grounds that good cognition and good thought are Inseparably tied up ( Bereiter and Scardamalia, 1993 ; Chi, Glaser and Farr, 1988 ) . It appears critical therefore that critical thought is teached in the class of learning subject cognition and implemented through the available agencies at manus. Combination of these thoughts with the descriptions of critical thought already outlined, it appears that one direct and effectual step lectors and instructors could put in in their instruction is to set far more accent on the specific signifiers of concluding within their ain subject country and to supply illustrations of how these signifiers of thought can be applied both within and outside of that subject. Another of import strand in the discourse on ‘good thought ‘ which helps to mix the thoughts antecedently outlined is the impression of self-regulation of thought ( e.g. Schunk and Zimmerman, 1994 ) . The guess is that this metacognitive ability, for illustration, affecting perceptual experience, review, opinion and determination devising, are all factors which allows people to orchestrate and self-regulate their ain acquisition strategies and those capablenesss are included in the term ‘critical thought ‘ . It is critical to add them in the instruction reforms as stated by the groundss shown above where we see a deficiency of any existent important factor that indicates a motion towards foregrounding the accomplishment of term critical thought in the instruction reforms mandate. 5. Decision: On the bases of the thoughts originating from the current reforms performed by the authorities in bettering the quality of instruction every bit good as the surveies of doing pupils more of a critical mind, the demands of the twenty-four hours are non merely to spread out the current instruction substructure but to do pupils a more critical minds so that better Human resource is available at every degree of the authorities and private sector. ( Pithers, Rebecca 2010 ) It will be really hard for a state that has so many jobs including the first and foremost of security issue since the government alteration in Afghanistan. The primary issues included in this respect are: unrest in the Baluchistan state and tribal countries, a batch of resources traveling waste on protection of atomic assets of the state along with a menace of confrontation with the adjacent India. At the minute the instruction reform looks to be concealing behind these issues of security, poorness and wellness. It is rather likely to stay like that unless a strong committedness from a sure authorities is shown. I suggest that the undermentioned docket should be entered into the instruction policy and implemented through the Quality confidences plans in order to develop critical thought in the pupils and better instruction in Pakistan. Research grounds suggests that larning to believe good needs to be acknowledged explicitly as an purpose and appropriate alterations made to classs. Lonka and Ahola ( 1995 ) interpreted their consequences as proposing that there are two qualitatively different ways of come oning in psychological science surveies: high-quality active acquisition, which may be decelerate in the beginning, but provides qualitatively better consequences in the long tally, and extremely structured lecture/tutorial instruction, which is related to success in early stages of analyzing. There would look to be benefits in passing the full grade course of study, so that the sum of freshman subject specific information could be reduced to let the pupils clip to prosecute in activities which are likely to develop their rational abilities. The inquiry of how much subject cognition is good for pupils demands to be revisited. Research suggests excessively at all educational degrees that staff development enterprises may necessitate to concentrate more on instructors ‘ constructs of instruction and learning if they are to set up the instruction methods suggested in a generative manner. In fact some empirical research specifies rather strong relationships between instructors ‘ constructs and instruction attacks ( Kember, 1997 ) .Teachers or lectors who are merely wining the guidelines in plan paperss do non look to learn rational well. Kember suggests that constructs of instruction can be summarized in footings of two wide alliances labeled teacher-centred/contentoriented and student-centred/learning-oriented.The teacher-centred orientation comprises beginnings that instruction is about leaving information or conveyance planned cognition, whereas the student-centred orientation includes beliefs that instruction is about easing apprehensions, advancing theoretical alteration and rational developm ent. It will be about clip that Pakistan ‘s instruction reform policy put a serious idea of presenting it into the current instruction scenario. How to cite The Educational Reforms Policy Education Essay, Essay examples

Ralph Essays - Religion, Literature, Spirituality, Lecturers

Ralph Waldo Emmerson Ralph Waldo Emerson "...was truly one of our great geniuses" even though he may have a short biography (Hodgins 212). But as Emerson once said himself, "Great geniuses have the shortest biographies." Emerson was also a major leader of "the philosophical movement of Transcendentalism". (Encarta 1) Transcendentalism was belief in a higher reality than that found everyday life that a human can achieve. Biographical Information Emerson was born on May 25, 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. His father died when he was young and his mother was left with him and his four other siblings. At the age of 18 he graduated from Harvard University and was a teacher for three years in Boston. Then in 1825 he entered Harvard Divinity School and preached for three years. At the age of 29 he resigned for ministry, partly because of the death of his wife after only 17 months of marriage. In 1835 he married Lydia Jackson and started to lecture. Then in 1836, he helped to start the Transcendental Club. The Transcendental Club was formed for authors that were part of this historical movement. Emerson was a big part of this and practically initiated the entire club. As we know he was already a major part of the movement and know got himself involved more. Many people and ways of life throughout his career including Neoplatonism, the Hindu religion, Plato and even his wife influenced Emerson. He also inspired many Transcendentalists like Thoreau. Emerson didn't win any major awards, but he did win the love and appreciation of his readers. Literary Information Emerson wrote many genres of writing including poetry and sermons, but his best writing is found in his essays. Even though he is noted for his essays, he was also a strong force in poetry. Emerson was known for presenting ideas in an expressive style. He wrote about numerous issues including nature, society, conspiracy and freedom. After returning to America after a visit to England, he wrote for the abolitionist cause, which was eliminating slavery. Emerson used these ideas in his 1837 lecture "The American Scholar," which he presented before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard. In it he talked about Americans becoming more intelligently independent. In a second address, commonly referred to as the "Address at Divinity College," given in 1838 to the graduating class of Cambridge Divinity College, brought about a problem because it attacked religion and pushed independence. Some of Emerson's famous titles are "Essays", which was published in 1844, Poems, which was published in 1847, "Nature: Addresses and Lectures", 1849, and "Representative Men", 1850. In 1860, he published "Conduct of Life", which was the first of his works to receive immediate popularity. In these works you were able to see the influence Plato and Neoplatonism had of him. "Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher. He developed the notion of a higher reality that exists beyond the powers of human comprehension. Plato explained that the idea of absolute goodness transcends human description. Neoplantonism was a collective designation for the philosophical and religious doctrines of a heterogeneous school of speculative thinkers who sought to develop and synthesize the metaphysical ideas of Plato" (Encarta). Ralph Waldo Emerson found motivation to write in anything he did, whether it was visiting England, the Transcendental Movement or if it was abolishing slavery. He didn't receive much fame during his lifetime, but after he passed away in1882, he was remembered for all of his writing, not just one good essay. "Emerson was the most important figure during the Romantic Period" (Myerson 3). He left his mark on writing, especially the Romantic Period. Bibliography "Emerson, Ralph Waldo." Microsoft Encarta. CD-ROM. 1998 ed. "Emerson, Ralph Waldo." Lkd. Columbia University Homepage, at "ILT Web." *http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/acedemic/digitexts/emerson/bio_emerson.html * Hodgins, Francis. ed. Adventures in American Literature. Orlando: Harcourt, 1989. Myerson, Joel. "Ralph Waldo Emerson." Grolier Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. 1993 ed.

Drug testing in the Workplace

Drug testing in the Workplace Free Online Research Papers Testing employees or job applicants for drug or alcohol use invokes a controversial area of policy and law that is still establishing its parameters. Today, in many industries, drug testing has become a everyday business, just like a job interview for example. Drug testing at the workplace is up 277 % since 1987 ( American Civil Liberties Union ) and as a result Employee Privacy is becoming increasingly an issue, not only for employees and employers but also for lawyers and unions. While increasingly employers have to ensure that their employees are fit for duty the use of drug and alcohol testing is becoming more and more an controversial issue. On the one hand, drug abuse is a serious problem especially in the US, where 5 % of the worlds population consumes 60 % of the entire worlds supply of illegal drugs. Nine percent of current employees and 12% of job applicants test positive for illegal drug use, the U.S. Department of Labor has reported. Given these numbers, and the fact that drug abuse is estimated to cost business $100 billion per year in lost profits, it is no wonder that many businesses are considering drug testing. On the other hand for many employees drug testing can seem unnecessary, disruptive and a violation of privacy. Drug testing opponents also claim that drug testing is often inaccurate and unproven as a means of stopping drug use. Given those facts the question arises if drug testing for job applicants as well as for current employees is the best option to choose for employers. The topic has gotten more and more attention during the last years and the drug and alcohol testing laws are still changing rapidly. In addition they vary tremendously from state to state. A number o state courts have set out rulings defining when and why drug tests may be given. Considering all the states and their particular laws cant be undertaken in this paper. Therefore, the considerations are of general character and are not to be distinguished between different states. The right to privacy is the right to be left alone. It is highly valued in the U.S society that employees have privacy rights at work, subject to some limitations. The US and state constitutions give the employees a right to privacy, but it does not apply in the employees relationship with his employer. Many states sanction some sort of drug testing in the workplace but many do not regulate it much. In these states it is a employers right to ask for a drug test without a warrant or a particular reason. The can choose employees randomly just by drawing a name.However, this applies only for the private sector. In the public sector the workers have additional protections. Specifically, the Fourth Amendment to the US constitution prohibits the government from searching or ordering a search of a persons bodily fluids without a proper reason to do so. For the government to legally require drug testing, it must have a need to drug test that is so strong that this need outweighs an employees constitutional right to privacy. Otherwise the test violates the fourth amendment, prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures.Companies cannot usually conduct blanket drug tests off all employees or random drug tests. However, the courts have generally ruled that companies may test for drugs among employees whose actions could clearly cause human injury or property damage if their performances would be impaired by drugs, and in cases where there is good reason to think that employees are using drugs. Additionally there are a number of employees who, because of their specialized positions or type of work, can be tested more freely for drugs and alcohol use. For example the Department of Transportation requires drug testing for some critical positions, such as Airline Pilots and other high risk jobs. Another factor that has to be considered is if the company or government uses reasonable and accurate procedures to test. If they do drug testing of public employees is usual ly legal. Furthermore it has to be distinguished between testing job applicants and testing existing employees. It is more common to test job applicants for traces of drugs and just a few requirements have to bee fulfilled to legalize the test. These requirements include: The applicant knows that such testing will be part of the screening process for new employees All applicants are tested similarly and a state-certified laboratory administers the tests Besides those requirements there has to be a reasonable suspicion of drug use based on the following facts: -direct observation of drug use or of physical symptoms -abnormal conduct behavior while at work or significant deterioration in work performance -a report of drug use reported by a reliable and credible source or any kind other evidence drug possession usage or selling Once the decision to drug test someone there are several actual drug testing procedures. Although there are a lot of different methods the vast majority of drug testing procedures is either urine analysis or hair testing. Blood tests for drug purposes are very unusual because those tests can detect drugs only for a very short period of time, usually not even a day. Other methods such as the saliva and sweat testing are often discussed but it is still not clear how accurate they are. Among the two most popular methods, urine analysis and hair testing, employers usually choose the urine analysis. Even though, hair testing is more accurate and can detect drug use for months or even years after use, it is common to pick the cheaper method which is urine analysis. Nevertheless, urinal tests can detect drugs for a couple of weeks at the most. The urine drug testing is broken down into two basic types:the urine drug screen and the urine drug test. Neither of these tests actually test for drugs in the urine. They are looking for drug metabolites. A drug metabolite is what is left over of the original psychoactive molecule after the body breaks it down and passes it through the system. Drugs, in order to be detected in the urine must be absorbed, circulated in the blood and deposited in the bladder. This process takes approximately three hours for most drugsexcept alcohol which can take only 30 minutes. Thus, an individual who was tested just 15 or 20 minutes after using drugs would probably (but not always) test negative unless he was a chronic user who would have identifiable drug residue in his/her urine at all times. Chronic users of marijuana, for example, may test positive for marijuana use several months after use of the drug. A nice illustration of the actual drug testing procedure is given on the BBC Sports Homepage for the UEFA ( European Football Association ) . Every single step of the procedure is described and one extract states, Having washed their hands, the athlete takes the pot and produces the sample. Their midriff and genitals must be clearly visible so the testing officer can see the urine going directly from body to pot. This reveals how serious drug tests are considered not only in Business companies but as well for any kind of athlete. Once someone is tested positive there are several scenarios and consequences that could occur. If the person is a current employee the employer might have legally-justifiable reason to fire or deny a promotion, while potential employers might justifiably refuse to hire the person. If someone is fired for failing a drug test or injuring himself and then test positive, state or local drug testing laws (or other laws) might even allow the employer to deny the unemployment, workers compensation or disability benefits. As previously stated drug testing laws vary by municipality and state. Additionally, by example, the Feds encourage treatment and rehabilitation verses punishment. Lastly, not every employer and state has a mandatory zero-tolerance policy. So, there might be a second chance.This chance could mean that instead of firing the employer might offer an employee assistance program or ask to attend a drug treatment program. Usually both parties benefit from those kinds of solutions because it costs employers a lot of money to fire employees and hire replacements. So, treatment programs might be a cheaper alternative and produce sober, grateful, more-dedicated employees. However if a person refuses treatment after failing drug testing, he or she is likely out of a job even if it is a responsible, recreational drug user who doesnt really need formal help. Even by accepting treatment the employer might be under no obligation by law to give time off or sick leave pay. Persons who does not want to submit drug tests do not have to, that is their right but they might face the same consequences as someone who failed the test. Those persons are essentially proven guilty. The worst possible consequence of drug use is imprisonment but it is not likely. . There is still too much controversy over privacy invasion and drug testing accuracy and as previously indicated the Federal Courts encourage treatment and rehabilitation, not arrest. After providing the facts concerning this controversial issue the next section of the paper focuses on the alternatives o drug testing, the pros and cons as well as the authors own opinion in some parts. The first and major question is, if it is any business of anyone no matter if employer or government what the employee does in the time out of work. Drug testing is not done in the employees home. Testing is always done while the employee is on the job, about to start work or immediately after work. Nevertheless it is the employers business when drug abuse, even though done in private life, will effect performance or safety on the job. The employer should have the right to be concerned about an employees substance abuse at home if it may adversely impact on his business production and on his or others workplace safety. Everyone should have the right for a healthy and safe workplace environment. Nevertheless, employees also still have rights to privacy and accuracy in testing. Employees that will be tested should get a notice before the test is administered. Furthermore it should be guaranteed that accredited laboratories advise the tests. Lastly, the test results must be treated in t he same manner as other confidential personnel information. There are categories of employees who will need to be drug tested regarding to security and safety concerns. The first category would be the employees working with weapons such as in the military or police departments. These people are in charge of the public safety and they need to be drug free, because they need all their potential and skills to be able to do their job as they are supposed to do. Another category that should be tested is firemen, doctors and even nurses. For example, firemen have one of the most dangerous jobs. They have to fight against natural forces, and their job is about saving lifes. They cannot do their job properly and it is even dangerous for their own safety if they use drugs. In the same way, doctors (and nurses, the ones that are directly connected to the patients) are not allowed to make mistakes. One example is prescribing medicine or a wrong diagnosis. This can really hurt the patient, and even kill him. Also, employees driving a vehicle or flying aircrafts should be submitted for drug testing. They are responsible for other people’s lives and it would make sense that these people agree to be tested. For example, it is important that a bus driver or pilot agrees to be drug free. A study was conducted at Stanford University in which airline pilots smoked relatively weak government- issued marijuana cigarettes for the test. Each pilot was then tested on computerized flight simulators. The testing resulted in simulated airline â€Å"crashes† right after the marijuana use. (ohsinc.com/what_every_employer_should_know_part2.htm) More alarming was the fact that it also resulted in â€Å"crashes† a full 24 hours later, after every pilot reported no residual effects and each had stated they had no reservations about flying. Another category for drug tests is employees that work for the government. The main reason is not because of the public safety, but more because of the illegality of drugs. They have to respect the laws and be examples in being drug free. Drug users are approximately three times more likely to have an accident, one-third as productive, and have a much higher rate of being tardy and absent than other workers. Another study by the U.S. government found that those who illegally use drugs are 3.6 times more likely to injure themselves or another person in a workplace accident. Also they are 5 times more likely to be injured in an accident off the job which, in turn, affects their attendance and/or performance on the job. But there are also limitations to drug testing. False positive drug-test results can occur after eating a lot of poppy seed or drink herbal teas made from coca leaves. These are cross-reactants that look exactly the same to the laboratory as illegal drugs. But if the test is done properly, a second test is conducted using a different testing process that serves to confirm whether or not the first analysis was accurate. Additionally, the employee always has the right to explain the false result. There are voices that say that drug testing has nothing to do with impairment and everything to do with discrimination and is a violation of human rights. They argue that drug testing deters highly qualified workers from applying, discriminates against medical marijuana patients and hat there is no differentiation between responsible use and abuse. As a matter of fact, drug testing can lead most likely to a higher unemployment rate. Looking at the numbers of employees that are involved in drugs and that would test positive, this is an issue for the government. To reduce this number, drug-abuse prevention programs in companies could be undertaken. As a result, some of those who do apply would probably stop using drugs because of fear of being caught, and some who are later â€Å"caught† could undergo treatment and go straight. The U.S. Navy had a decrease to fewer than 4% down from 28% of its active personnel engaged in illegal drug use since the 1980 ´s. This is specifically due to the implementation of a comprehensive drug-abuse prevention program, including random drug testing of all active and reserve duty personnel. Additionally to these programs, company wide anti-drug abuse policies, drug awareness programs and employee assistance and rehabilitation programs can be adopted and implemented. To conclude, I would say that I definitely agree with alcohol and drug testing. Moreover, I think that not only specific categories should be tested, but all employees. There is no need to distinguish between categories, because it is a fact that in the United States.drugs are illegal and taking a closer look at the issue reveals that almost everyone using drugs can hurt someone else when the performance is influenced. Even athletes who just compete for themselves affect their performance and this has consequences for a many people. People who bet on them or spectators who paid money to see a good performance are betrayed in a certain way. The number of drug users is shocking and the government and employers have to react to this fact accordingly. A recent national Gallup survey shows that even employees demonstrated an increasing intolerance among drug abusers and an acceptance of employers taking strong steps to provide drug-free workplaces. 28% of employees who were asked what they thought was the greatest problem facing the United States today answered â€Å"drugs†. 22% of employees whose companies have drug-testing programs feel it is â€Å"not strong enough†. Lastly, 97% of employees favor drug testing in the workplace at least under some circumstances. I strongly believe that addicted people can have a bad influence on their job environment and non-users should absolutely have the right to work in a safe working environment and to not have their jobs and benefits undermined by drug abusers. Research Papers on Drug testing in the WorkplaceThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresResearch Process Part OneTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic Engineering

How to Say Goodbye in Chinese

How to Say Goodbye in Chinese Learn how to politely end a conversation in Chinese by knowing the different ways to say goodbye. The most common way to say bye is å† Ã¨ ¦â€¹, written in the traditional form, or å† Ã¨ § , written in simplified form. The pinyin pronunciation is zi jin.   Pronunciation In a previous  lesson,  we learned about  Mandarin Chinese tones.  Remember to always  learn new vocabulary  with its proper tones. Lets practice by saying goodbye in Mandarin Chinese. Audio links are marked with ââ€" º. Each of the two characters of å† Ã¨ ¦â€¹ / å† Ã¨ §  (zi jin) are pronounced in the fourth (falling) tone. Listen to the sound file and try to repeat the tones exactly as you hear them. ââ€" ºÃ‚   Character Explanation å† Ã¨ ¦â€¹ / å† Ã¨ §  (zi jin) is composed of two characters. It is possible to examine the meaning of each individual character, but it is important to remember that å† Ã¨ ¦â€¹ / å† Ã¨ §  (zi jin) is used together to form a complete phrase. Chinese characters have individual meanings, but the majority of Mandarin vocabulary is made of compounds of two or more characters. For interests sake, here are the translations of the two characters å†  and è ¦â€¹ / è § . å†  (zi):  again; once more; next in sequence; another è ¦â€¹ / è §  (jin): to see; to meet; to appear (to be something); to interview So a possible translation of å† Ã¨ ¦â€¹ / å† Ã¨ §  (zi jin) is again to meet. But, again, dont think of å† Ã¨ ¦â€¹ / å† Ã¨ §  (zi jin) as two words- it is one phrase that means goodbye. Other Ways To Say Goodbye Here are some other common ways to say goodbye. Listen to the sound files and try to reproduce the tones as closely as possible. ââ€" ºmà ­ng tiÄ n jin: 明å ¤ ©Ã¨ ¦â€¹ / 明å ¤ ©Ã¨ § : see you tomorrowââ€" ºyÄ « huÄ ­r jin: ä ¸â‚¬Ã¦Å"Æ'å…’è ¦â€¹ / ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¥â€ž ¿Ã¨ § : see you later (the same day)ââ€" ºhuà ­ tà ³u jin: 回é   ­Ã¨ ¦â€¹/回å ¤ ´Ã¨ § : see you later (the same day)

Comparative analysis of Elkins historical interpretation of slavery Essay

Comparative analysis of Elkins historical interpretation of slavery with James McPhersons interpretation in Ordeal by Fire - Essay Example ze the similarities and differences between the two authors, the relevance of their treatments – fact versus anecdote – and which of the two can be said – in the light of hindsight – to have most accurately described antebellum slavery. Elkins’ and McPherson’s books represent two very differing accounts of slavery and are separated in time by almost a quarter of a century. Elkins discusses the subject in general terms, and advances two main arguments:- It is now appropriate to expand the argument and discuss the points of agreement and disagreement between the two authors and to consider – in the light of history – whose arguments represent the most appropriate view of US slavery Elkins believed that â€Å"the behavior you exhibit is who you are† (Elkins,1959); he maintained that slavery was †so degrading and dehumanizing that slaves lost their identities and became â€Å"Sambos† [docile, child-like, content and striving for attention] The different attitudes to slavery in the North and South of the country were profound; in the North slaves worked mainly as domestic servants, while those in the South were employed in agriculture – originally on three crops: tobacco, rice and indigo, and later on cotton as well. In the North, by the nineteenth century, strong feelings developed that it was not acceptable for one man to own another, and the abolitionists gained strength due to influence of the Quakers, Methodists and other factions. Elkins (1959) wrote â€Å"To the Northern reformer, every other concrete fact concerning slavery was dwarfed by its character as a moral evil – as an obscenity condemned by God and universally offensive to humanity† (Elkins, 1959). Many Northern church dignitaries believed that while one slave remained the whole populace was culpable [Cain and Abel – â€Å"his brother’s keeper†]. In the South, by contrast, it was held that slavery â€Å"was a positive moral good – a necessary arrangement sanctioned in

Creative Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Creative Writing - Essay Example The comedy depended a great deal on the ability of the audience to ‘get’ the joke as laughter from the audience was always a sign during stage performances that the play was being well received. This element of external interaction was incorporated into the sit-com, but with the added benefit of being able to record the show first and then air it later. Thus, unexpected reactions from the audience could be cut out, errors in performance could be tried again and prompts for audience reaction weren’t as obvious. By combining these two approaches, the sit-com still maintains the illusion of being a live event in spite of the great degree of editing and production involved. This ability to edit and change has also introduced more meaning into the shows produced. Just as the comedies of stage and radio were reflections of their society, so have the sit-coms of the past several decades reflected the society that produce them but with the greater realization of preservat ion of performance and significance to audiences. In many ways, the sit-com of today has not changed a great deal in its structural format even as its reflection of society has altered and the level of meaning presented has deepened with greater understanding of the principles at work. Before one can look at individual sit-coms to see if they hold up to a common definition, it is helpful to have a definition and idea of development in place. Generally sit-coms, or situation comedies, are defined as a form of comedy that presents episodes of recurring characters as they interact within a common environment, facing some sort of complication and resolving it at the end with some form of happy ending. The sit-com has developed from a long history of stage performances intended to entertain the masses by featuring stories they were able to relate with while also poking gentle fun at the lifestyles of the wealthy. According to Lewisohn, precursors of the sitcom have existed since the time s of ancient Greece in the plays of Aristophanes, ancient Rome through Terence and Plautus and Sudraka in ancient India (2003). Generally speaking, sitcoms have several elements in common with one another that have been carried forward from these earlier plays, into the modern world through the early sitcoms such as I Love Lucy and preserved through to the present day with shows such as Married with Children and Friends. The first such element is the focus on comedy or entertainment. Every sitcom relies heavily on the basic building blocks of comedy including some, if not all, of the following: slapstick, satire, sarcasm, irony, pranks, sight gags, parody, comedy of errors, black comedy, romantic comedy, scatological humor or comedy of manners among other things. In keeping with this focus, sitcoms always end with a happy ending, or at least a resolution that returns everything back to the ‘normal’ situation for this group of people which has the effect of being humorou s to the audience. Sitcoms generally focus on a limited number of main characters who reappear week after week within the same general environment – generally it’s a family or a family-like group as they appear in their most accustomed living space. Although facing different issues each week, even the basic action from week to week is highly repetitive.

Geography of Environmental Injustice and Health Inequalities

Geography of Environmental Injustice and Health Inequalities Geography of Environmental Injustice and Health Inequalities in the Nigeria Abstract The unfair distribution of toxic wastes and other acute and chronic health hazards on vulnerable populations, which have contributed to negative health inequalities in less developing nations, such as been observed in Nigeria is term as global health inequalities. The link between environmental injustices, risks, and health inequalities has not been well established in Nigeria, in understanding its impact on futures health outcomes. The issue of environmental injustices and health inequalities is treated as a distinct issue from the problems associated with health, well-being and environmental sustainability. This research aims to understand health outcomes and its associated future health burden taken into consideration in the link between pursuing environmental injustice, and health inequalities in the oil producing region of Nigeria. Ultimately, examine the conceptual issues relating to environmental injustices, health inequalities, and non-communicable diseases that challenges the development of better future health outcomes programmes and planning for environmental justices in Nigeria. Introduction Global Environmental Injustices, is the unfair circulation of toxic wastes and other acute and chronic health hazards on vulnerable populations, which have contributed to negative health inequalities in less developing nations, such as been observed in Nigeria (Schroeder et al., 2008: 551; Roberts, 2007: 286; Adeola, 2000: 686, 2001:45) has been observed in Nigeria for over 50 years due to the exploration of crude oil. According to Roberts (1985), the industrialization of any region is greatly influenced by the presence of rich mineral deposits, resulting in the heavy industrialisation of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The Niger Delta region is the location for most of the oil exploration activities in Nigeria, resulting in many people and companies attraction to the area. The migration flow and influence of the various companies has adverse impact on health outcomes. In addition, environmental risks such as oil spillage, gas flaring, and other wastes resulting from oil production polluting the environment could affect health and well-being on the residing communities (Nabofa, 2011). Another major cause for concern is the cumulative effect of the crude oil contents on the health and wellbeing of the people over a long period of time (Khursid et al., 2008). Ajayi et al., (2009), revealed in a study carried out on natural radioactivity and trace elements in crude oils implications for health, that Niger Delta oil, although, has low metallic contents; however, the cumulative effects of the radioactivity and metallic properties on health outcomes is alarming. Therefore, communities in the oil producing areas live with a lot of externally generated factors; resulting from additional pressure to highly stressful ways of living, leading to specific risk related non-communicable diseases (NCDs), for instance skin cancer and psychological disorders (Ilo, 1998; Loewenson, 1998; Kathari and Nababasing, 1996; Fuentes et al., 1994). According to Ana et al. (2010), It is apparent that populations living in highly industrialized communities such as Port Harcourt with higher environmental risk factors may be more vulnerable to pollution-related morbidities including a higher predisposition to cancers of the lung, skin. and eye. It is thus, apparent, that the major driver of environmental injustices is the activities of Multinational/Transnational Corporation engaged in the oil business. As the major revenue generation for the country, oil production had been followed by countless environmental problems, associated with other broad inequalities in livelihood, wealth, well-being, poverty; interactions and inequalities in the distribution of burden and responsibilities of the health outcomes. Statement of Problem Literature on environmental justice have emphasised that there is growing concern about the health outcomes associated with intensive oil and gas activities in many communities (Palinkas, et al.,1993) as well as concentration of these occurrences in poor communities (Gill, et al.,2011). The link between environmental injustices, risks, and health inequalities has been established internationally but in Nigeria, this link has not been established in understanding its impact on health outcomes. The issue of environmental injustices and health inequalities is treated as a distinct issue from the problems associated with health, well-being and environmental sustainability. Are the questions of health outcomes and its associated future health burden actually taken into consideration the link between environmental injustice, and health inequalities? Can Nigeria (Government, Multinational companies, and the communities) especially the oil producing region achieve health equity without promoting environmental justice and empowerment of the vulnerable population as a result of the burden of NCDs? These questions will be examined with conceptual issues relating to environmental injustices, health inequalities, and NCDs that challenges the method of developing better future health outcomes programmes and planning for environmental justices in Nigeria. Objective of the Study According to Pearce et al., (2010), One potential driver for the increasing geographical differences in health is the disparity in exposure to key characteristics of the physical environment that are either health promoting or health damaging. Thus, the objectives of the study are: to examine linkages between environmental injustices, health inequalities and health outcome; to study and understand the reasons for the prevalence increase in health inequalities and the consequences on the future especially in the Niger Delta region; to clarify conceptual issues relating to environmental justice and inequalities as it relates to Nigeria and to evaluate what considerable impact establishing the link will have on the goal of environmental justices. Justification of study The politics of oil in the Niger Delta region have promoted the lack of transparency and accountability throughout the region. There are inadequate environmental assessments on the impact of the oil industry on the health of the people. While NCDs rates of causing respiratory ailments, and other illnesses are increasing, the government do not want to fully acknowledge their contribution to these health outcomes. It is imperative to undertake a conceptual clarification of what environmental justice and health inequalities mean in the context of the oil producing communities in Nigeria within the theoretical framework of justice theory, and health inequalities. This will lead to a more imperatively comprehensive spatial distribution studies with a multi-disciplinary approach to identify health consequences within the oilÂÂ   and non-oil producing regions (Ogri, 2001: 20; Dung et al., 2008; Ana et al., 2009) so as to properly assess environmental health disparities through the use of Geospatial techniques. The research will contribute to literatures on the global environmental injustices and health inequalities and the growing need for environmental justices. In addition, understanding these linkages would assist regulators and operators in the oil producing regions to address questions of social and environmental justice; through suitable allocation of scarce resources for rapid response, distribution of cost and benefit and promote community level participation for sustainable development and better health outcome and well beings Time scale Schedule The first year will be devoted to the review of relevant literature, proposal writing, and fulfilling additional training requirements. Included in the first year is the initial generated data period (initial generated data period for the literature review and data collection). The second year will be for the actual fieldwork and the analysis of the data; the first six months will be used for data collection and the next six months for data analysis. The third will be devoted to writing up of the thesis. Methodology Study area The Niger Delta region of Nigeria, consist of 37 million inhabitants, constituting about 22% of Nigerias population (Aaron, 2005), with a population density of 265 per square km. it is made up of nine states with more than 1500 communities hosting several oil and gas companies. The oil and gas resources of the Niger Delta accounts for over 85% of Nigerias gross domestic product (GDP), over 95% of the national budget, and over 80% of the nations wealth (Forest, and Sousa, 2006). The region is home to the oil wealth that made Nigeria the highest producer of petroleum in Africa, and the sixth in the world (Yakubu, 2008). Methods Spatial clustering methods and Quantitative risk assessment methods will be used to explain the first and second objectives of this research. Spatial clustering methods will be used to make sense of the complex geographic pattern between the environmental risk and health records in this research. Knowing whether this pattern and cluster exist and where they are located will provide important information for policy formulation and health research (Cromley and McLafferty, 2002; Croner et al., 1992). To avoid the bias of latency and migration, that can present itself in the cause of the research, only information on long term residents in the communities will be used. The spatial distribution of environmental risks will be used to provide a means for determining communities likely to become susceptible to health inequalities and NCDs. For this assessment, communities in the area were treated as substitute for human population and settlement while land, vegetation and rivers were considered the medium of land use. The thiessen polygon will be developed in ArcGIS environment to demarcate boundaries of the communities (because there are no community boundary shapefiles available) and determine the number/different environmental risk sites in each thiessen polygon that represents a community. Quantitative risk assessment will be used to characterise the effects expected from the exposure to an environmental risk, estimating the probability of occurrence of health effects, while estimating the number of occurrence in the population and recommending acceptable concentration of the risk in the air, water or food (Hallenbeck, 1993) Overlaying cluster maps with other spatial maps will provide clues about the cause of disease, while identifying variations in health outcomes linked to differences in the physical and social environment. Clarification of conceptual issues, (the 3rd objective) will be achieved by discussing the results of the analysis carried out within the study and existing studies on environmental injustice and health inequalities to provide justification for the research. Data and Source Secondary data will be collected from published government statistics from the states that make up the sample communities such as maps, etc. Data were also collected from relevant government agencies such as the health board and teaching hospitals information, and local government and chieftaincy affairs. The data will majorly focus on the use of some selected indicators of development vital for health well-being and basic amenities needed to support effective living. The local government areas will serve as aerial units of analysis while the choices of socio-economic indices will be based on the appropriateness of the variables and the availability of the data covering all the LGAs in the study region. The selected indicators that cut across health include number of NCDs, hospitals; doctors; midwives; hospital beds/ 000 populations (2014 census). In addition, GPS data of all environmental risks sites from 1985-2015, will be acquired from the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) in Nigeria (DPR, is the regulatory agency of oil and gas activities in Nigeria). The data were used to assess the environmental risks spatiotemporal distribution and determine exposure susceptibility in the areas. The datasets will contain information on geo-coordinates of individual risk sites, date of occurrence, date of survey and quantity of discharge. Analysis Spatial Analysis description for Average Nearest Neighbour Analysis, Getis-Ord General G tests for High and Low Cluster, and Cluster and Outlier Analysis will be performedin the study (see Appendix A). These spatial analyses were undertaken to measure the spatial pattern and relationship between risk that are spread over a given geographical region (Ebdon, 1985). It helps in assessing and determining the closeness and patterns of the environmental risks sites near settlements. The methods with generate geographical distribution, cluster and pattern analysis of environmental risk and spatio-temporal nature of the incidents. To examine the degree of deprivation among the local government areas in health variables, the Gini index descriptive statistical technique of date analysis was used. The Gini index of concentration examines the extent of concentration of each of the indicators among the local government areas. The Gini Coefficient ranges from zero to one, (0-1) with zero representing perfect equality, and 1 total inequality Intellectual and User Benefits The intellectual contribution of the study will be to enhance the understanding of the effects of socio-economic and cultural characteristics upon the spatial pattern of environmental injustice and health inequalities. The benefits of this research are a direct contribution to developing policy on health management strategy and planning for equality, environmental policy and its applications especially within vulnerable populations. For the researcher, there will be the academic benefits of doctoral research and training in health geography and the development of expertise in research methodology techniques. By working closely with interested parties, the researcher will gain insights into the relationships between academic research and the needs of users. Ethical considerations Full consent will be provided to all research participants with the full research disclosure and confidentiality according to the ethnical research procedure of the University of Edinburgh. Summary and conclusions As the major revenue generation for the country, oil production had been followed by countless environmental problems, associated with other broad inequalities in livelihood, wealth, well-being, poverty; interactions and inequalities in the distribution of burden and responsibilities of the health outcomes. The research aims to undertake a conceptual clarification of what environmental justice and health inequalities mean in the context of the oil producing communities in Nigeria within the theoretical framework of justice theory, and health inequalities. Leading to a more imperatively comprehensive spatial distribution studies with a multi-disciplinary approach to identify health consequences from the oil industry versus non-oil producing areas. Thus, properly assess environmental health disparities through the use of Geospatial techniques. The research will contribute to literatures on the global environmental injustices and health inequalities and the growing need for environmenta l justices. About me Right from my secondary school, Geography had been an extremely interesting field of study to me because of the vast range of topics involved and how it relates to every subject in one way or another, for instance, Health Geography and Public Health. Geography is the study of the world, and geographers proudly holds the keys to the worlds problems. These problems extend to, injustice, health, eco-systems, development, globalisation and natural disasters, all of which are areas which attract me. Geography has been essential for interpreting and solving the concerns of the world, and by furthering my geographical knowledge through the PhD studentship, it will enhance my ability to tackle the imminent problems relating to environmental injustice, crime, pollution. I have a particular interest in the human side of Geography and especially the topics of: health, medical, hazards and the environment. My interest in the PhD research which will covers processes functioning in time as well as space, linking health over the life course with processes of environmental change, human migration, human relations and length of exposures to different environmental risk factors. I am keen to explore the various spatial questions of how and why human health/environmental injustices varies from one area to another at the rate of population increase. I will be interested in examining how individual health- related practices and health outcomes relate to mans varying experience of physical and social environments and injustice. Dissemination The research outcome will be communicating with colleagues and your supervisors as well as with the wider community and, the funding body supporting your research. The dissemination activities include internal seminars, publications, conference presentations and exhibitions. References Aaron, K. (2005) Perspective: Big Oil, Rural Poverty, and Environmental Degradation in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 11, 127-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.18178 Adeola, F. (2000). Cross-National Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Issues: A Review of Evidence in the Developing World. American Behavioral Scientist, (43), 686-705. Adeola, F. (2001). Environmental Injustices and Human Rights Abuse: The States, MNCs, and Repression of Minority Groups in the World System. Human Ecology Review, 8(1), 39-59. Ajayi, T., Torto, N., Tchokossa, P., and Akinlua, A. (2009). Natural Radioactivity and Trace Elements in Crude Oils: Implication for health. Environ. Geochem. Health 31(1):61-69. Ana, G., Sridhar, M., and Asuzu, M. (2010) Environmental risk factors and hospital-based cancers in two Nigerian cities. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology Vol. 2(8), pp. 216-223. Ana, G., Sridhar, M., and Bamgboye, E. (2009). Environmental risk factors and health outcomes in selected communities of the Niger Delta area, Nigeria. Perspectives in Public Health, 129(4), 183-191. Cromley, E and McLafferty, S (2002). GIS and Public Health, Guilford Press. Croner, C., Pickle, L., wolf, D., and White, A. 1992. A GIS approach to hypothesis generation in epidemiology. In A. W Voss (Ed.), ASPRS/ACSM techinal papers, Vol 3. GIS and cartography (pp. 275-283). Washington, DC: ASPRS/ACSM DOI: 10.5897/JTEHS12.056 Dung, E., Bombom, L.; Agusomu, T. (2008). The effects of gas flaring on crops in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. GeoJournal, 73, 297-305. Ebdon, D. (1985) Statistics in Geography. 2nd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, Hoboken. Forest, J., and Sousa, M. (2006) Oil and Terrorism in the New Gulf: Framing U.S. Energy and Security Policies for the Gulf of Guinea. Lexington Books. Fuentes, A., Ehenreich, B., and Boston, M. (1994). Women in the Global Factory. Philadelphia: South End Press. Gill, D., Picou, J., and Ritchie, L. (2011) The Exxon Valdez and BP Oil Spills: A Comparison of Initial Social and Psychological Impacts. American Behavioral Scientist, 56, 3-23. Hallenbeck, W (1993). Quantitative risk assessment for environmental and occupational health (2nd ed.). Boca Raton. FL: Lewis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.10.1517 Ikporukpo, C. (2004). Petroleum, Fiscal Federalism and Environmental Justice in Nigeria. Space and Polity, 8(3), 321-354. International Labour Organization ILO (1998). Economic and Social Effects of Multinational Enterprises in Export Processing Zones. Geneva: ILO Kathari. U., Nababsing, V. (1996). Gender and Industrialization. Port Louis, Mauritius: Editous de I Ocean Indeen. Khursid, R., Sheikk, M., and Igbal, S. (2008). Health of People Working/Living in the Viccinity of an Oil-polluted beach, near Karachi, Pakistan. East Mediterr. Health J. 14(1):179-82. Loewenson R 1998. Assessment of the health impact on occupational risk in Africa. Current situation and methodological Issues. Epidemiology, 10(5): 632-639. Nabofa, O., and Suoke Onohwosafe, P. (2011) The Need for Environmental Epidemiological Studies in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria, Ethno Med, 5(3): 201-204 Odigie, O. (2012) Environmental Justice and Poverty Alleviation: Roadmap to Sustainable Development in Nigeria NIALS Journal of Law and Public Policy Vol. 1 NJLPP, pp. 152-180. Ogri, O.O. (2001). A review of the Nigerian petroleum industry and the associated environmental problems. The Environmentalist, 21, 11-21. Palinkas, L., Petterson, J., Russell, J. and Downs, M. (1993) Community Patterns of Psychiatric Disorders after the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1517-1523. Pearce, J., Richardson, E., Mitchell, R., and Shortt, N. (2010). Environmental justice and health: the implications of the socio-spatial distribution of multiple environmental deprivation for health inequalities in the United Kingdom. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 35(4), 522-539. Roberts (1985). Biology: A Functional Approach. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Roberts, T. (2007). Globalizing Environmental Justice. Environmental Justice and Environmentalism: The Social Justice Challenge to the Environmental Movement, 285-321. Salako, A., Sholeye, O and Ayankoya, S. (2012) Oil spills and community health: Implications for resource limited settings. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Vol. 4(9), pp. 145-150. Schroeder, R., St. Martin, K., Wilson, B., and Sen, D. (2008). Third World Environmental Justice. Society for Natural Resources, 21, 547-555. Yakubu, L. (2008) Nigeria Loses N5.8b Daily to Gas Flaring. The Guardian, 5th August Appendix A Average Nearest Neighbour: Getis-Ord Genral G Test: Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis (Global Morans I): Outlier Analysis: